The topographical representation of the homunculus is arranged in an anatomical fashion and represents the contralateral side. This means that the primary cortex in the right cerebral hemisphere represents motor activity on the left side of the body and vice-versa. Lord of rigel mac os. A cortical homunculus is a distorted representation of the human body, based on a neurological 'map' of the areas and proportions of the human brain dedicated to processing motor functions, or sensory functions, for different parts of the body. The word homunculus is Latin for 'little man', and was a term used in alchemy and folklore long before scientific literature began using it.
jEdit is a mature programmer's (the editor, not necessarily the programmer) text editor with hundreds (counting the time developing plugins) of person-years of development behind it.Caveat: I wrote this article about one and a half years ago (before i even had this blog) and then lost the file. I just dug it up almost accidentally, and so am posting it now because jEdit development moves along fairly slowly, and the information is probably still useful. please tell me in the comments, if something wrong or no longer current. i'll try to update the blog post, but can't test anything out as i'm no longer on jEdit.
What's nice about jEdit
- Written in Java, so it runs on Mac OS X, OS/2, Unix, VMS and Windows.
- Built-in macro language; extensible plugin architecture. Dozens of macros
and plugins available. - Auto indent, and syntax highlighting for more than 130 languages.
- Supports a large number of character encodings including UTF8 and Unicode.
- Folding for selectively hiding regions of text.
- Highly configurable and customizable.
- Every other feature, both basic and advanced, you would expect to find in
a text editor. See a full list of features. - Scriptable in Ruby!!
- Lighter weight than most other Java based editors.
Installation
I
First you need Java. You need to have sun-java5-jre installed, which is in ubuntu multiverse. You also want to make sure that you have java in your path. Edgy has a symbolic link chain which goes /usr/bin/java -> /etc/alternatives/java -> /usr/lib/jvm/java-1.5.0-sun/jre/bin/java which you should make sure is intact. Mine got screwed up (i think) when I was experimenting with sun-java6-jre. Incidentally sun-java6-jre causes an invalid pointer exception when you try to load a project in jEdit's project viewer plugin, so avoid it.
Then download the 'Java-based installer' (jedit42install.jar) file from the jEdit download page. Make sure it is version 4.2 final, because some ruby support is broken in the latest development releases.
Install it:
And run it:
The Plugins
jEdit should now be running. Go to Plugins->Plugin Manager, click on the Install tab, and now click Download Options. Update the mirror list and then choose a mirror, the default one never seems to work. Now check and install the following plugins:
- Console
- Allows you to interact with your rails app in a shell right in jEdit
- IRC
- Talk to other railers on IRC without leaving jEdit
- Project Viwer
- Gives you a view of your project filesytem. Required by the RubyPlugin but for some reason is not included in that plugin's dependencies so you have to manually select it
- Ruby Plugin
- Does a whole lot of good ruby stuff.
- SideKick
- Gives you a birds eye view of your file structure (classes methds etc), which also works for many other languages including html. It is also involved in parsing your ruby code, catching error, autocompletion, etc.
- SuperAbbrevs
- Allows TextMate like snippets
- XML
- XML, HTML, CSS and Javascript tools
- SuperScript
- Allows you to script jEdit in Ruby amongst other languages
- Macro Manager
- An easy way to download and manage macros
So lets put some of these plugins to good use. Go to Plugins->Project Viewer->Show Project Viewer. Now in the window that pops up there is a triangle at the top left. Click that to dock it in jEdit's main window. Once you've docked it, click the hard drive looking thingy (or right click the 'All Projects' folder to add a new rails project.
Now go to Plugins->Plugin Options and under Sideckick->Parsers make sure that mode ruby also has parser set to ruby. Now go to Plugins->Ruby Plugin->Structure Browser and doc the window that pops up in the main window. I usually doc it on the opposite side of the project viewer so i can see both at once. Note that the structure browser is the Sidekick structure browser and will work for other languages as well. Open a ruby file from your rails project and you can see the structure browser at work.
Have a goof around later with the plugins we just downloaded. And also with the many we haven't yet because there are some real gems in there.
Setting Key Bindings
For the sections that follow you'll need to know how to set key bindings. jEdit calls them 'shortcuts'.
To set a shortcut go to Utilities->Global Options, and then under Shortcuts set Edit Shorcuts to Built-in Commands, Macros, or your choice of Plugin. Once you have chosen one, you will see a list of the possible commands to bind for that category. Just click on one of the primary or alternative shortcut fields to enter key for a command. If you are over-writing another command you will be warned before it is saved.
Editing Modes
![Homunculus Mac OS Homunculus Mac OS](https://nordot-res.cloudinary.com/c_limit,w_800,f_auto,q_auto:eco/ch/images/749162443502649344/origin_1.jpg)
Once you have it put it in ~/.jedit/modes and then edit the ~/.jedit/modes/catalog file and add the following mode entry:
Your ruby editing should now be a whole lot prettier. You should see the effects immediately by the way, just close and reopen the ruby file you've been toying with.
Some other modes of interest and their catalog entries:
- yaml
- haml
- rdoc
Macros
- Open related file
- This macro lets you easily jump between models, controllers, etc. of the same base name. I don't think it's possible to install this one via. MacroManager so you'll need to get it off the web.
Download the open related file macro and place the decompressed folder under ~/.jedit/macros. Then do Macros->Rescan Macros and there should now be a Rails entry.
I like to set this binding to CS+o (Control Shift o) - Go To Ruby Method
- Brings up a popup menu of Ruby methods that are in the current buffer grouped by class and ordered alphabeticaly. Selecting a class or method from the menu places the caret at that member's location in the file. I like to set this binding to CS+m (Control Shift m)
- Redundant Macros
- A few macros have been added to the RubyPlugin and so are now redundant, namely: 'Search Ruby Documentation using ri', and 'Auto indent and insert end'
SuperAbbrevs, Snippets for jEedit
You've probably seen the DHH screencasts where he is hardly typing anything and code is just appearing magically all over the place. The SuperAbbrevs plugin allows you to do just that using abbreviations.
You can get a nice set of 'Snippets' here. There is also a reference to the same here. There is a great tutorial on what they are and how to use them here.
I personally like just using Tab to expand so I didn't follow his advice on C+Enter.
Tips on writing abbrevs for ruby
Try to keep your abbrevs generic and rubyish. For instance the default 'for' abbrev for ruby is of this form (from memory because i changed it, so it may not be exactly this):
Which is a fairly C way of thinking of a for loop. A more generic or polymorphic way of writing this while also keeping in mind that tab is also good for moving out of the body of a block, might be written thusly:
Simpler, and more flexible.
Polishing Up
You are never going to have to type another 'end' again. Set a key binding to the RubyPlugin command 'Auto indent and insert end'. You should set the primary shortcut to 'Enter'. Don't worry about the fact that you are overriding the built in command, it won't break anything. Now try typing up a quick class and a few method defs, and while you're at it a couple control structures too.
In ruby we don't like big tabs. Go to Utilities->Global Options and in the left pane choose Editing. Here you can set your tab width and indent width, and set soft tabbing which means when you hit tab it will insert space characters instead. I usually set tab width and indent width to 2, and check soft tabbing as well. Haml likes two space 'tabs' as well.
It would be nice if we could collapse methods classes etc in order to make the file easier to look at in certain circumstances. jEdit does indeed implement code folding, let's enable it for ruby. Go to Utilities->Global Options and then under Editing set 'change settings for mode' to ruby, make sure that 'Use default settings' is unchecked and then set 'Folding mode' to Sidekick. You should now have collapsable ruby code in your edit buffer.
RubyPlugin and SideKick work together to give you code completion features. If you go to Plugins->Plugin Options and then SideKick you can tweek these settings. If you are like me and you hate stuff popping up all over the place without your asking for it then uncheck 'Show completion popups where possible'. If you want to still be able to request completions on demand set a key binding for the 'Complete code' command of the RubyPlugin. You should leave 'Immediately complete if possible' checked as it generally doesn't get in the way and is quite useful in some modes.
One last very useful couple keybings to set are the XML plugin's 'Characters to Entities' and 'Entities to Characters' commands. I like to set these to CS+x CS+c and CS+x CS+e respectively.
Conclusion
As you can see with all the bells and whistles installed Jedit is a powerful Ruby and Rails editor. Jedit, it should be noted, is also a great editor for many other languages including the usual web lineup. I hope that this guide has eased your entry into the Ruby on Jedit world. Thanks to the very many authors, both of software, docs, and blogs who have made this document possible.
A 2-D cortical sensory homunculus
A cortical homunculus is a distorted representation of the human body, based on a neurological 'map' of the areas and proportions of the human brain dedicated to processing motor functions, or sensory functions, for different parts of the body. The word homunculus is Latin for 'little man', and was a term used in alchemy and folklore long before scientific literature began using it. A cortical homunculus, or 'cortex man', illustrates the concept of a representation of the body lying within the brain. Nerve fibres—conducting somatosensory information from all over the body—terminate in various areas of the parietal lobe in the cerebral cortex, forming a representational map of the body. Geometry bash mac os.
Types[edit]
A 2-D cortical motor homunculus
A motor homunculus represents a map of brain areas dedicated to motor processing for different anatomical divisions of the body. The primary motor cortex is located in the precentral gyrus, and handles signals coming from the premotor area of the frontal lobes.[1]
A sensory homunculus represents a map of brain areas dedicated to sensory processing for different anatomical divisions of the body. The primary sensory cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus, and handles signals coming from the thalamus.[1]
Bard stories - the wardens relics mac os. The thalamus itself receives corresponding signals from the brain stem and spinal cord.
Arrangement[edit]
Along the length of the primary motor and sensory cortices, the areas specializing in different parts of the body are arranged in an orderly manner, although ordered differently than one might expect. The toes are represented at the top of the cerebral hemisphere (or more accurately, 'the upper end', since the cortex curls inwards and down at the top), and then as one moves down the hemisphere, progressively higher parts of the body are represented, assuming a body that's faceless and has arms raised. Going further down the cortex, the different areas of the face are represented, in approximately top-to-bottom order, rather than bottom-to-top as before. The homunculus is split in half, with motor and sensory representations for the left side of the body on the right side of the brain, and vice versa.[2]
Homunculus Mace Ds2
The amount of cortex devoted to any given body region is not proportional to that body region's surface area or volume, but rather to how richly innervated that region is. Areas of the body with more complex and/or more numerous sensory or motor connections are represented as larger in the homunculus, while those with less complex and/or less numerous connections are represented as smaller. The resulting image is that of a distorted human body, with disproportionately huge hands, lips, and face.
In the sensory homunculus, below the areas handling sensation for the teeth, gums, jaw, tongue, and pharynx lies an area for intra-abdominal sensation. At the very top end of the primary sensory cortex, beyond the area for the toes, it has traditionally been believed that the sensory neural networks for the genitals occur. However, more recent research has suggested that there may be two different cortical areas for the genitals, possibly differentiated by one dealing with erogenous stimulation and the other dealing with non-erogenous stimulation.[3][4][5]
Discovery[edit]
3-D Sensory and Motor homunculus models at the Natural History Museum, London
Dr. Wilder Penfield and his co-investigators Edwin Boldrey and Theodore Rasmussen are considered to be the originators of the sensory and motor homunculi. They were not the first scientists to attempt to objectify human brain function by means of a homunculus.[5] However, they were the first to differentiate between sensory and motor function and to map the two across the brain separately, resulting in two different homunculi. In addition, their drawings and later drawings derived from theirs became perhaps the most famous conceptual maps in modern neuroscience because they compellingly illustrated the data at a single glance.[5]
Penfield first conceived of his homunculi as a thought experiment, and went so far as to envision an imaginary world in which the homunculi lived, which he referred to as 'if'. He and his colleagues went on to experiment with electrical stimulation of different brain areas of patients undergoing open brain surgery to control epilepsy, and were thus able to produce the topographical brain maps and their corresponding homunculi.[5][6]
More recent studies have improved this understanding of somatotopic arrangement using techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).[7]
Representation[edit]
Penfield referred to his creations as 'grotesque creatures' due to their strange-looking proportions. For example, the sensory nerves arriving from the hands terminate over large areas of the brain, resulting in the hands of the homunculus being correspondingly large. In contrast, the nerves emanating from the torso or arms cover a much smaller area, thus the torso and arms of the homunculus look comparatively small and weak.
Penfield's homunculi are usually shown as 2-D diagrams. This is an oversimplification, as it cannot fully show the data set Penfield collected from his brain surgery patients. Rather than the sharp delineation between different body areas shown in the drawings, there is actually significant overlap between neighboring regions. The simplification suggests that lesions of the motor cortex will give rise to specific deficits in specific muscles. However, this is a misconception, as lesions produce deficits in groups of synergistic muscles. This finding suggests that the motor cortex functions in terms of overall movements as coordinated groups of individual motions.
The sensorimotor homunculi can also be represented as 3-D figures (such as the sensory homunculus sculpted by Sharon Price-James shown from different angles below), which can make it easier for laymen to understand the ratios between the different body regions' levels of motor or sensory innervation. However, these 3-D models do not illustrate which areas of the brain are associated with which parts of the body.
Homunculus Mac Os X
In a recent article published in the peer reviewed journal Leonardo The Missing Female Homunculus[8] by Haven Wright and Preston Foerder revisits the history of the Homunculus, sheds light on current research in neuroscience on the female brain, and reveals what they believe to be the first sculpture of the female Homunculus, done by the artist and first author Haven Wright, based on the current research available.
References[edit]
- ^ abMarieb, E.; Hoehn, K. (2007). Human Anatomy and Physiology (7th ed.). Pearson Benjamin Cummings. ISBN978-0805359091.
- ^Saladin, Kenneth S. (2007). Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 544–6. ISBN978-0073228044.
- ^Covington, Jr., William Oates (2015-05-27). 'Homunculus (Topographic) Diagram'. willcov.com. Archived from the original on 2017-07-03. Retrieved 2017-07-07.
- ^'The Neurocritic: A New Clitoral Homunculus?'. 2009-08-10. Archived from the original on 2017-07-07. Retrieved 2017-07-07.
- ^ abcdCazala, Fadwa; Vienney, Nicolas; Stoléru, Serge (2015-03-10). 'The cortical sensory representation of genitalia in women and men: a systematic review'. Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology. 5: 26428. doi:10.3402/snp.v5.26428. PMC4357265. PMID25766001.
- ^Penfield, Wilder; Boldrey, Edwin (1937). 'Somatic Motor And Sensory Representation In The Cerebral Cortex Of Man As Studied By Electrical Stimulation'. Brain. 60 (4): 389–443. doi:10.1093/brain/60.4.389. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
- ^Grodd, W.; Hülsmann, E.; Lotze, M.; Wildgruber, D.; Erb, M. (2001). 'Sensorimotor mapping of the human cerebellum: fMRI evidence of somatotopic organization'. Hum Brain Mapp. 13 (2): 55–73. doi:10.1002/hbm.1025. PMC6871814. PMID11346886.
- ^Wright, Haven; Foerder, Preston (2020). 'The Missing Female Homunculus'. Leonardo: 1–8. doi:10.1162/leon_a_02012. S2CID227275778.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cortical homunculus. |
- Mole-ratunculus — an analog of a sensory homunculus for a mole-rat, from the paper:
Catania, Kenneth C.; Remple, Michael S. (2002). 'Somatosensory cortex dominated by the representation of teeth in the naked mole-rat brain'. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (8): 5692. Bibcode:2002PNAS..99.5692C. doi:10.1073/pnas.072097999. S2CID8869228.
Fig. 3: ..This “mole-ratunculus” provides a graphic illustration of the cortical magnification of the incisors and head
Homunculus Mac Os Update
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